Erik Skare

Introduction

  1. Yazan Ajamieh et al., West Bank and Gaza: Selected Issues (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2023), 5–6.
  2. Graeme Wood, 'A Record of Pure, Predatory Sadism', Atlantic, October 23, 2023, theatlantic.com.
  3. Rory Carroll, 'Israel Shows Footage of Hamas Killings "to Counter Denial of Atrocities"', Guardian, October 23, 2023.
  4. Quoted in Diakonia International Humanitarian Law Centre, '2023–2024 Hostilities and Escalating Violence in the oPt | Account of Events', January 12, 2024, diakonia.se.
  5. Azmi Bishara, Moral Matters in Hard Times (Doha: Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies, 2023), 8.
  6. '200 Days of Israel's War on Gaza', al-­Jazeera, April 23, 2024; Britannica, 'Bombing of Dresden', last updated August 2, 2024, britannica.com; 'The Bombs, Their Meaning, and the Consequences Today', Universität Hamburg, July 24, 2023, uni-­hamburg.de; Britannica, 'The Blitz', last updated August 31, 2024,britannica.com.
  7. Rasha Khatib et al., 'Counting the Dead in Gaza: Difficult but Essential', Lancet 404, no. 10449 (2024): 237.
  8. Scott Neuman et al., 'In Gaza, Months of War Have Left Palestinians with Barely the Necessities to Survive', NPR, June 1, 2024, npr.org.
  9. Brett Murphy, 'Israel Deliberately Blocked Humanitarian Aid to Gaza, Two Government Bodies Concluded. Antony Blinken Rejected Them', ProPublica, September 24, 2024, propublica.org.
  10. 'Gaza: UN Experts Decry Bombing of Hospitals and Schools as Crimes against Humanity, Call for Prevention of Genocide', Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, October 19, 2023, ohchr.org.
  11. 'Gaza: Israeli Aid Obstruction Inflaming Polio Outbreak', Human Rights Watch, August 26, 2024, hrw.org.
  12. 'UN Experts Warn International Order on a Knife's Edge, Urge States to Comply with ICJ Advisory Opinion', Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, September 18, 2024, ohchr.org; Louis Milan et al.,'"Reasonable Grounds" to Believe Israel Is Committing Genocide in Gaza, UN Expert Says', CNN, March 27, 2024, cnn.com.
  13. Quoted in Avner Gvaryahu, 'The Myth of Israel's "Moral Army" ', Foreign Affairs, March 4, 2024, foreignaffairs.com; David Ingram, 'Israeli Government Sparks Outcry with X Videos Saying "There Are No Innocent Civilians" in Gaza', NBC News, June 14, 2024, nbcnews.com.
  14. Paul Staniland, Networks of Rebellion: Explaining Insurgent Cohesion and Collapse (London: Cornell University Press, 2014), 218–19.
  15. Bruce Hoffman, 'Understanding Hamas's Genocidal Ideology', Atlantic, October 10, 2023, theatlantic.com.
  16. American Jewish Committee, 'What Hamas Is Hiding', Global Voice, October 7, 2023, ajc.org; '10 Things to Know about Hamas', Foundation for Defense of Democracies, October 16, 2023, fdd.org.
  17. Monica Marks, 'What the World Gets Wrong about Hamas', Time, October 30, 2023, time.com.
  18. Jason Burke, 'What Is Palestinian Islamic Jihad and What Is Its Relationship with Hamas?', Guardian, October 18, 2023; Shaul Mishal and Avraham Sela, The Palestinian Hamas: Vision, Violence, and Coexistence (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), 32.
  19. See, for example, Khaled Hroub, Hamas: Political Thought and Practice (Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2000); Azzam Tamimi, Hamas: Unwritten Chapters (London: Hurst, 2009); Mishal and Sela, The Palestinian Hamas; Beverley Milton-­Edwards and Stephen Farrell, Hamas: The Islamic Resistance Movement (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2010); Sara Roy, Hamas and Civil Society in Gaza: Engaging the Islamic Social Sector (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011); Jeroen Gunning, Hamas in Politics: Democracy, Religion, Violence (London: Hurst, 2009); Björn Brenner, Gaza under Hamas: From Islamic Democracy to Islamist Governance (London: I. B. Taurus, 2017); Erik Skare, 'Texts or Praxes: How Do We Best Understand Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad after October 7?', CTC Sentinel 16, no. 10 (2023): 34–9.
  20. See Meir Hatina, Islam and Salvation in Palestine (Tel Aviv: Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and Africa Studies, 2001); Wissam Alhaj, Nicolas Dot-­Pouillard, and Eugénie Rebillard, De la théologie à la libération? Histoire du jihad islalmique palestinien (Paris: La Découverte, 2014); Erik Skare, A History of Palestinian Islamic Jihad: Faith, Awareness, and Revolution in the Middle East (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021); Erik Skare, Palestinian Islamic Jihad: Islamist Writings on Resistance and Religion (London: I. B. Taurus, 2021); Antonella Acinapura, 'A Framing-­Sensitive Approach to Militant Groups' Tactics: The Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine and the Radicalisation of Violence during the Second Intifada', Critical Studies on Terrorism 16, no. 1 (January 2, 2023): 123–45.
  21. Shaul Mishal, 'The Pragmatic Dimension of the Palestinian Hamas: A Network Perspective', Armed Forces and Society 29, no. 4 (July 1, 2003): 573.
  22. Skare, A History of Palestinian Islamic Jihad; Erik Skare, 'Controlling the State in the Political Theory of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad', Religions 12, no. 11 (November 16, 2021): 1010.
  23. Yahya Sinwar, al-­Shawk wa-­l-­qaranful (n.p., 2004), 2.
  24. Muhjat al-­Quds, 'Man Nahnu?', Muhjar al-­Quds, April 27, 2014.
  25. For an analysis of Hamas's social services, see Roy, Hamas and Civil Society in Gaza; for the Islamic movement in Israel, see Tilde Rosmer, The Islamic Movement in Israel (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2022); for an analytical account of Izz al-­Din al-­Qassam, see Mark Sanagan, Lightning through the Clouds: Izz al-­Din al-­Qassam and the Making of the Modern Middle East (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2020); for the authoritative work on Abdallah Azzam, see Thomas Hegghammer, The Caravan: Abdallah Azzam and the Rise of Global Jihad (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020).
  26. Richard J. Evans, In Defense of History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997), 189.
  27. Martha Howell and Walter Prevenier, From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001), 79.
  28. Eric Hobsbawm, On History (New York: New Press, 1997), 36.
  29. Ellen Meiksins Wood, Democracy against Capitalism: Renewing Historical Materialism (New York: Verso, 2016), 10.
  30. Hobsbawm, On History, 24.
  31. Marc Bloch, The Historian's Craft (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992), 54.